The Unresponsive Bystander Essay Example for Free

The Unresponsive Bystander Essay In the chapter â€Å"Where There’s Smoke,† Latane and Darley (1970) narrate the proceedings and outcomes of their experiment employing the use of smoke as treatment which serves to illustrate further the validity of the authors’ contention that the presence of other people actually deters an individual from reacting decisively to a potential emergency. Through the â€Å"smoke experiment, Latane and Darley were able to observe the individual behavior of the bystander in a simulated emergency environment and later prove their thesis that â€Å"the constraints on behavior in public combined with the processes of social influence would lessen the likelihood that members of three-person groups would act to cope with the emergency. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"smoke† research is primarily a social science experiment where the presence of other people is considered the variable in determining what Latane and Darley coin as the â€Å"bystander intervention in emergencies.† Under the guise of conducting an interview on the problems of urban life, the target respondents—male Columbia University students residing on or near the campus— are invited to participate in the experiment through a telephone call without any other means of contact with the experimenters. They are subsequently assigned into three categories: the alone group or the control group, where the respondents are left by themselves in the experiment room; the two-passive confederates group or the first variable group, where the respondents are joined in by two other men pretending to be respondents to the experiment; and the three naà ¯ve bystanders group or the second variable group, where there were three respondents all at once in the same room. All categories of respondents were made to answer a questionnaire supposedly on the problems of urban life and while they were doing this, smoke was slowly piped in through a small vent in the wall of the room as a stimuli; the basic assumption being that the smoke would â€Å"create   an ambiguous but potentially dangerous situation† or, as the title suggests, lead the respondents in the room into thinking that something was burning. The smoke, generated by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride and water vapor, was allowed to filter in a few minutes after the respondent had started on the questionnaire and continued to pour into the room until the respondent decides to report it. After four minutes it would fill the room â€Å"enough to obscure vision, produce a mildly acrid odor, and interfere with breathing.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Results of the research, although expected, were interesting. As predicted, the respondents in the Alone category â€Å"behaved in a very reasonable manner† in which, after moments of indecision and hesitation he promptly investigated and reported the presence of smoke to â€Å"somebody in the hall who looked as if he belonged there.† On the other hand, majority of those left in the room with the two passive confederates, â€Å"coughed, rubbed their eyes, and opened the window† but failed to report the incident even if it had filled the room to an uncomfortable level. Those in the three naà ¯ve bystanders group performed similarly to the two passive confederates group despite the fact that there should have been thrice as many chance that the smoke would be promptly reported as in the Alone category. In the post-experiment interview conducted later, the experimenters found out that those who did not report the smoke uniformly â€Å"rejected the idea that it was fire† and instead created â€Å"an astonishing variety of alternative explanations† which disregarded the potentially dangerous nature of the source of smoke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the experiment proves their thesis, Latane and Darley warn the reader from jumping to conclusions or expecting similar results in predicting the individual behavior of human beings, or what they call bystanders, in times of emergencies when there are other people around but in distinctively different settings. They demonstrate, for instance, how the results of the smoke experiment may not be wholly applicable when fire breaks out in a theater or when any other emergency arises in a crowded place. They are quick, however, in pointing out that in a crowd of a thousand people, there would be a thousand chance that someone will react impulsively—or curiously—to the stimuli and report it promptly to the audience, creating a much bigger potential disaster such as a stampede.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The smoke experiment therefore affirms the applicability of the social impact theory by showing a possible explanation by which an individual, in the presence of other people, is more likely to restrain his or her reactions in the face of an emergency or a potential emergency. It enhances the theory further by showing how individuals tend to act in conformity with others, how individuals tend to act out what they believe is expected of them by others, and how society, in turn, is able to define the norms and rules by which human beings conduct their daily lives, their reactions, and their expectations of others.

Gas Pressure Lab :: Papers

Gas Pressure Lab We pumped air into the tube until the pressure was as high as possible, which was 3.4x105 Pa. We recorded the volume of gas; it was 16.0cm3. We then let the pressure down slightly and recorded the pressure and volume again. We repeated this about 15 more times, which was when the pressure reached 1.03x105 Pa. Here are the results: Gas Pressure (x105 Pa) Gas Volume (cm3) 3.4 16 3.23 16.9 3.09 17.8 2.91 18.8 2.78 19.7 2.62 21 2.48 22.1 2.31 23.7 2.15 25.7 1.97 28.1 1.73 31.9 1.6 34.9 1.41 39.1 1.28 43.3 1.12 50 1.03 56 EXPLANATION Boyle ¡Ã‚ ¦s law states that the volume of a fixed mass of ideal gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the gas pressure: P „f 1/v OR pv = constant This means that if p is doubled then v is halved, or, if p is halved then v is doubled. MOLECULAR EXPLANATION At room temperature and pressure, there are a certain number of gas molecules in 10cm3 of air. Each molecule exerts a pressure on the walls of a container. The molecules hitting the sides of the container cause this pressure. If you decrease the volume that the air occupies from 10 cm3 to 5 cm3, then there would be twice as many molecules per cm3 than before. This means twice as much pressure will be exerted due to twice as many molecules hitting the sides of the container at a certain time. ANALYSIS To analyse my results I will extend my table from before by adding 1/v and pv: p (x105 Pa) v (cm3) 1/v (cm-3) pv (x105 Pa cm3) 3.40 16.0 0.062 54.40 3.23 16.9 0.059 54.58 3.09 17.8 0.056 55.00 2.91 18.8 0.053 54.71 2.78 19.7 0.051 54.77 2.62 21.0 0.048 55.02 2.48 22.1 0.045 54.80 2.

Compare and contrast two works of Art Essay

This essay will cover the similarities and differences between two Artworks † The Little fourteen -Year- Old Dancer† and † Baboon and young†. Discussion about this works of Art will be based on the field man’s analysis, thus description, analysis, interpretation and judgement on the subject matter, media and size, location and literal qualities, social, cultural and political issues surrounding the creation of the Artworks but in the form of compare and contrast. I will also discuss how these inspirational sources have contributed to my final project outcome with regard to composition and technique. Baboon and young and The little fourteen year old dancer are free-standing sculptures depicting life through different animals. These artworks are of different sizes, The little fourteen year old dancer is 104.5 cm while The baboon and young is 21cm respectively. They are both made the same media casted bronze. The fourteen year old dancer has been portrayed wearing a bronze vest and shoes, a cotton skirt and satin ribbon a combination which displays different surface qualities thus creating a strong contrast of tactile texture. This is emphasized by Ragans R. (2002: 203) by saying: What an unusual combination of textures! The figure of the Young dancer is cast in bronze. Even the vest and the ballet Shoes she wears are bronze. To that degas added a skirt made of gauzelike fabric in a stain hair ribbon. The composition comprising of a series of diagonal lines as shown by the posture of the head, torso and legs in The little fourteen year old dancer thus suggesting a subtle or calm movement are not visible on The baboon and young. The curvy and diagonal employed on skirt to show the folds have further illustrated the idea of subtle movement on the little fourteen year old dancer while on the baboon and young we see meal strips at the back of  the tail. The Baboon and young is made by Pablo Picasso around 1955while The little fourteen year old dancer was made by Edgar Degas in 1880.Picasso’s work was found in the Museum of modern art in New York and Degas’s is currently exhibited at the Metropolitan museum of Art in New York. They were both found in New York. Both of the two charming Art made using the same techniques . Picasso casted bronze as well as Degas the only difference is that Degas added cotton on the skirt a and satin ribbon. Organic shapes are mostly dominating in both sculptures as compared to geometric shapes, therefore, these bring a sense of three dimensionality or form hence resembling the nature of a Baboon and a young female dancer. They both portray a strong sense of balance though its irregular symmetry and they are static man-made artworks. In the little dancer balance have been achieved through a posture in which the head is thrown backwards and chest pushing outward while in The Baboon and young balance is achieved by a tail hanging diagonally and a baby on the chest of the Baboon pulling it forward. Space has been used effectively in both pieces. Both Artists displayed a creative use of space to render the flow of the pose. For instance, the space between the legs arms as well as the facial gaze into distance complement the action of a female dancer at the end of performance and a female Baboon after being blessed with a baby. Besides , The little dancer and The Baboon and young both have a lifelike presence and they feel like animals they represent instead of looking like them. That is they both show a real life situations. Though Picasso’s work is simplified and stylised, it is detailed in some way. By looking at the Baboon’s head which is a model of a toy car , there are human head like figures appearing on the car’s windscreen which symbolises the eyes of the baboon. There is also a grill of the same car which suggests a nose and the mudguards suggesting the baboon’s cheekbones or jaws. A thick bold curvy line under the grill of the toy car suggests the smiling mouth of a baboon. All this features symbolises a bright happy face of a baboon which indicates that it is really it’s joyful moment during a summer season. The  reason for saying it is summer is that summer is the season of reproduction and this baboon is holding it’s young one. One can tell from the gigantic smile shown on the face that the baboon has been blessed with a baby. Comparing with Picasso’s work , The little dancer ‘s pose portrays a captured moment in time during a performance. Both the facial and bodily gesture, that is the half opened eyes into infinity, and diagonal right leg suggest a moment of suspense. That is the time when the dancer has just finished a performance and taking a deep breath of relief-eye half closed, lips tightly closed and breath taken in through the nostrils. This posture shows that the Little girl is happy about what she has done and she is proud about it. Looking at a combination of her clothing we can say that this little girl is a dancer by profession. It also shows that it is summer . I say this because summer is the period of celebrations and this girl was dancing in a celebration. The design of the vest and the skirt also depicts the sense of summer. These features shows a posture that suggest the action of a flexible young female dancer at the verge of a performance thus showing how young ones are a ctive in life. Both of these impressive works were very much successful which means Picasso and Degas achieved their goals. The Baboon and young in particular evokes emotional turmoil about how females like their young ones. The little fourteen -year old dancer also shows how females accepts and promotes nature in their lives. I can say, literally, the Baboon is appreciating what is being done by The little dancer and so it does not regret having a child but instead hope that it’s young one would be successful in life like this girl. I can also say looking at The little girl we can say she is performing on the birthday party of a newly born baboon on Picasso’s work.Texture and gradation of value in both artworks gives a sense of three dimensionality and life. These artworks portray the personality of the artists who made them, that is, they are creative more especially with the use of media, styles even the way they made their pieces. Apparently the artists might have been living in an environment where there was a lot of happiness and so they are showing it in different ways. The overall view about The little fourteen-year old dancer and The baboon and young is that, they poses different qualities but are the same in some way. A great distinction can made looking at the details indicated in both sculpture’s heads. The Baboon’s head is more detailed than the, The little dancer’s but they are both free standing sculptures. Due to some features mentioned earlier in the essay, the two artworks depict the same message, they communicate how females are the happiest creatures on earth and how happiness can be shown in different ways. I equally like both of these artworks due to the fact that lots and lots of creativity is shown in both of them. They are also interesting and eye catching and they portray a strong message. These inspirational sources have contributed to my final project which is HAPPINESS. My projects shows people dancing to a traditional music thus depicting the message that even in our tradition we have our own ways of showing happiness. REFERENCE Pablo Picasso.(1950)http://home.xnet.com/~stanko/baboon.htm Edgar Degas,(1879).Olga’s Gallery ,The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.Retrived:July 2004, from http://www.abcgallery.com/D/degas/degas47.html Janson. H.W (1995), History of Art, Harry. N. Abrams .New York Ragans R.(1999) Art talk (2ed) Mc Graw-Hill.New York

Comparison Of 1984 And 1984 - 1089 Words

â€Å"It really is as if he got hold of an early copy of the novel and used it as a blueprint.† The novel, 1984 by George Orwell, is a dystopian novel published in 1949. This novel is based in London, Oceania. This was Orwell’s prediction of what future societies would be like. North Korea is a country located in East Asia that is ruled by Kim Jong-Un. Kim Il-Sung set up the government they have now, around the same time as Orwell wrote his novel. Many similarities and differences are present between North Korea and the society of Oceania, including the rulers, the systems of government, and the restrictions that are put on their citizens. In fact, the way that the leaders, Big Brother of 1984 and Kim Jong-Un of North Korea, rule is very†¦show more content†¦Next, both of the government systems are closely related in the way that they are setup to run their countries. In both societies, people are executed publicly if they are believed in any way to be traitors, or if they do something the ruler is not particularly fond of. In 1984, the citizens take time out of their days to watch the executions because it brings them enjoyment when they watch the traitor die. The difference between the societies methods of execution is the way that North Korea completes these tasks is significantly more brutal than in 1984. In North Korea, they use firing squads, beheadings, and hangings all in one execution. Whereas in 1984, they only use hangings. In both societies, people that work for the government are demanded to destroy the history that is not to their liking. In the novel, people that work for the ministry of truth a re required to change or shred the history, making it like the situation never even occurred. In a very similar way, North Korea shreds all of their books because they think that the citizens should believe what the government is telling them, leaving out the benefit of having any information to back it up or that contradicts the words that come out of their mouths. Both governments also use Vaporization. In 1984, they delete all records of the person ever existing, no proof that they were ever alive. In North Korea, people just disappear, no one knowing where the person went. Along withShow MoreRelated Comparison Of 1984 By George Orwell To The Actual 1984 Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesComparison Of 1984 By George Orwell To The Actual 1984 Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways; one, as the perfect society with a perfect government, or two, as a communistic hell where free will no longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 1984 by George Orwell is a combination of both theories. 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